This is a working document. It has been prepared to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and to stimulate discussion. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of UNICEF or of the United Nations.

The report was prepared by Rufus Edwards, University of California, Irvine, in collaboration with UNICEF Mongolia, Mongolia’s Public Health Institute and the Mongolian Public Health Professionals Association. We are also grateful for the thoughtful comments and advice received from Prof. Kirk Smith, University of California, Berkeley; Sanjaasuren Oyun, former Minister of Environment and Green Development of Mongolia, and Alex Heikens, Senior Adviser for Climate and Environment, UNICEF Headquarters.

The peer reviewers were: Basil Rodriques, Regional Advisor Health, UNICEF Regional Office East Asia and Pacific; Hayalnesh Tarekegn, Programme Officer, Pneumonia & Diarrhea Child Health, UNICEF Headquarters; Davaasambuu Enkhmaa, National Center for Maternal and Child Health, Mongolia; Batmunkh Munkhbat, National Institute of Medical Sciences, Mongolia. Appendixes 1, 2 and 3 of the report are drawn from the rapid assessment performed by Enkhjargal Altangerel and Agni Baljinnyam of the Mongolian Public Health Professionals Association.

This report is part of the project on “Children and Environmental Change in Mongolia” implemented by UNICEF Mongolia with the aim of addressing air pollution-related health impacts on children living in Ulaanbaatar and helping to develop mitigation measures.

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